Most scholars divide science into three major areas: natural science, social science and thinking science.Natural science study the laws of nature movement; social science study the law of social movement; and study the laws of human thinking activities in thinking science.As the “tools” of the three major sciences, philosophy and mathematics are listed as the common “method” of the three major sciences.Therefore, science is divided into five major categories: natural science, social science, thinking science, philosophy, and mathematics.Philosophy reveals general laws, and mathematics reveals the quantitative relationship.
1. Natural science
Natural science and “social sciences” and “thinking science” are also called “three major areas of science”. It is based on quantitative means to study the general names of the science of the organic natural circles, including human biological attributes, and the biological properties of people.Natural science is the science of organic or inorganic things and phenomena in nature, including astronomy, physics, chemistry, earth science, biology, etc.
The object he knows is the entire nature, that is, the various types, states, attributes, and movement forms of natural matter.The task of understanding is to reveal the essence of the phenomenon of nature and the process of natural phenomena, and then grasp the regularity of these phenomena and processes in order to interpret them and foresee new phenomena and processes.The laws of nature open up various possible ways.
The two most important pillars of natural science are observation and logical reasoning.Natural sciences from observation and logical reasoning of nature can guide the laws of nature.If the phenomenon of observation and laws is different, it is either because there are errors in observation, or because it is considered that the correct law is now wrong, and supernatural factors are not considered.Following traditional usage, natural sciences can be understood as biological science (involved in biological procedures), and uses physics science (the physics and chemical laws involved in the universe) and chemistry science.
The basic disciplines of natural sciences are: physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, earth science.
1. Physics
Physics (Physics) is the science of the most general movement, interaction, and the basic state and structural level of material in nature.It is a natural science based on experiments.One of the eternal themes of physics is to find various sequences, symmetry and symmetrical breakthroughs, conservation laws or non -degeneration.All natural phenomena will not be contrary to the law of physics. Therefore, physics is the basis of other natural sciences and all modern sciences.
Physics, its theoretical structure fully uses mathematics as its own working language, and uses experiments as the only criterion for testing theoretical correctness, so it is currently the most precise natural science.The core content of physics is worthy of everyone. The current textbooks should strengthen the popularity of modern physics, because the phenomenon it involved is generally not perceived. In fact, it exists objectively, and many of the bizarre natural phenomena in the legend can be used to use nearby.Modern physics (that is, relativity, quantum mechanics, non -linear physics, etc.) one by one.It can be seen that physics plays an important role in human beings in “scientific understanding of nature and breaking superstition”, playing a key role.
2. Chemistry
Chemistry is a science that studies the composition, structure, nature, and change of changes.The world is composed of material, and chemistry is one of the main methods and means of human beings to understand and transform the material world.From the beginning of fire to the modern society that uses various artificial substances, humans are enjoying chemical results.Human life can continue to improve and improve, and the contribution of chemistry played an important role.The relationship between chemistry and human progress and social development is very close. Its achievements are an important symbol of social material civilization.Therefore, chemistry is “the foundation of material science, the core of material science, and the backing of the material industry”. It is a long and vibrant subject.
3. Biology
Biology, also known as biological science, is a science that studies the essence, characteristics and development of life activities, the nature of life activities.It can be used to effectively control life activities, can transform the biological world and benefit humanity.Biology has a close relationship with human survival, people’s health, economic construction and social development. It is the basic natural science that has attracted much attention globally worldwide.
4. Astronomy
Astronomy is the science of studying the structure and development of the universe celestial body and the universe.The content includes the structure, nature, and operating law of celestial bodies.Mainly observe the radiation transmitted by celestial bodies to the earth, discover and measure their positions, explore their movement laws, and study their physical properties, chemical composition, internal structure, energy source, and its evolution law.
5. Earth Science
Earth science is the science of the earth system (including atmospheric rings, water rings, rock rings, biospheres, and Japanese space spaces) and its interaction as the science of research objects.It mainly includes geography (including soil and remote sensing), geological, geological physics, geomyochemical, atmospheric science, marine science and spatial physics, and new cross -disciplines (Earth System Science, Earth Information Science) and other branch disciplines.
In addition, there is a psychology in natural science, as a pure nature attribute, it is natural science.But whether it is the scope of natural sciences is still controversial. Generally, the widely acceptable statement is that psychology is also included in the category of natural science and social sciences.
2. Social Science
Social sciences are the general or one discipline of various disciplines that study human society in scientific methods.It is the science of studying various social phenomena.Such as sociology research human society (mainly contemporary), political, policies, and related activities of political science research, and the distribution of economics research resources.The disciplines covered by social sciences include: economics, politics, law, ethics, history, sociology, psychology, education, management, anthropology, folklore, journalism, communication, etc.
Some disciplines, such as anthropology, psychology, and archeology, it is the cross of social science and natural sciences.For example, psychology, Mainland China lists psychology as science. For example, the Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, which establishes the Institute of Psychology, Institute of Psychology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, was set up by the Academy of Sciences before 1956 (including the Republic of China);It is classified as social sciences.
Disciplines such as political science, economics, sociology, legal science, and military science are typical social sciences in the narrow sense.And some disciplines, such as historical science, are the cross of the narrow social science and humanities, and are usually understood as humanities.”Social Sciences” in a broad sense include humanities, such as the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences have two types of social sciences and humanities.
As the guiding ideology of social sciences, Marxist philosophy collects humanities and social sciences as philosophical and social sciences.With the diversification of society, academic freedom of exploration will become larger and larger, and the definition and classification of social sciences will begin to change.
In the development of modern science, the new scientific and technological revolution provides new methods and means for the study of social sciences. Social science and natural sciences penetrate each other, and the trend of interconnection is increasingly strengthened.
1. Economic science
It mainly involves description and analysis of the production, supply and demand, consumption, etc. of goods and labor.One of its main branches is an individual economy, studying individual categories in economic activities, such as individual farmers, business names and businessmen’s business activities.Another major branch discipline is the overall economics. Its research object is the entire economic system, especially the general standards of output and income and the relationship between different economic departments.
2. Political Science
It is generally believed that it is a scientific analysis method to study the science of various management procedures.In narrowing and tradition, this discipline has been regarded as a study of various institutions and systems that study the country and it depends on governance efficiency.International relations are a branch of political science, studying the relationship between the country and the country’s foreign policies.
3. Sociology
Including scientific research on human society, social style and social relations, this discipline can also be clearly defined as a systematic research on the development, structure, mutual influence and collective behavior of groups organized by humans.A discipline related to this is a social psychology, studying the way of social groups affected by the personal character, attitude, motivation and behavior.
4. Cultural science
Study human culture, focusing on the discussion of social structure, language, law, politics, religion, witchcraft, art, technology and other categories.Cultural anthropology is particularly summarized by various ways of human behavior and describes social phenomena.
5. Compare law
It can also be regarded as part of social science.This discipline involves legal principles, legal systems, and legal procedures of different countries and different cultures, and compares the comparative study of it.
Third, thinking science
NOETIC Science, researching the laws and forms of thinking activities.It is necessary to study the natural attributes and social attributes of thinking, the material foundation, language and its role in thinking, the historical development of thinking, and the “thinking” of animal “thinking” and the “thinking” of the machine, including application research.There is no consistent view of the classification of the thinking science system.It is generally believed that the basic research of thinking science includes: social thinking, logical thinking, image thinking, and inspirational thinking.Others believe that it should include disciplines in the physiological structure of philosophy and research subjects.Its research methods are roughly: through the research and understanding of the brain, through the research process and its historical development, studying thinking through language, studying thinking by the provincial law, according to the model of thinking about thinking, and in methodology in methodologyHistory and logical methods, system methods, comprehensive methods, etc. at the level of hierarchy.Philosophy, psychological viewpoints and research methods determine the formation of scientific behaviorism, associationism, format tower and informatics.Research on thinking science has important theoretical and practical significance for the performance of scientific architecture and human brain potential.
Thinking science plays an important role in the development of a new generation of smart computers.
The basis of thinking is thinking and social thinking.There are three components of thinking.
① Abstract (logic) thinking: Abstract thinking is the part of the thinking that can be used to work with the brain.
② Image (sensory) thinking: Image thinking is based on experience or direct sense.Image thinking mainly studies the behavior of human activities based on experience or direct sense, as well as how to use a computer to achieve this process and make it the theory.
③ Inspiration (epiphany) thinking: Inspirational thinking is the expansion of image thinking, and it is expanded from a sense of direct sense to the subconscious of inspiration.
Social thinking is researching people and collective thinking.People understand the objective world not only rely on direct practice, but also use the knowledge that humans have accumulated in the past.Therefore, human thinking activities are collectively.
Fourth, philosophy
Philosophy (Phil, English: Philosophy, Greek: φιλοσοφα), is a study of basic and universal issues.Its meaning of “love wisdom” is based on its words.Philosophy is a cosmic view of a strict logical system. It studies the nature of the universe, the general laws of all things in the universe, the position of people in the universe, and so on.
Philosophy is Yuan Knowledge, Yuan Confucianism, the so -called Avenue to Jane.The philosophical task is to grasp the level of the real world at the level of theory, and the integration of more or one or one is more, and one and more.Yuan theory must also clearly express and systematic structure, so that such a Yuan -thermal system is applicable to explain the world or guidance practice.Philosophy is the principle, science is the principle, method, facts. The division of theory and the principle is not absolute. The practical basis can be: Yuan theory needs to remember the theory of Yuanchuan at all times. The principle is to check the basic theory of the use of tool booksEssence
The fundamental issue of philosophy is also called the basic problems of philosophy and the highest problem of philosophy. It refers to the relationship between thinking and existence, consciousness and material.This is divided into two basic factions: “materialism” and “idealism”.Several main disciplines of philosophy: metaphysics, logic, epistemology, ethics, and Aesthetics.
5. Mathematics
Mathematics (Mathematics or Maths, from Greek, “máthēma”; often abbreviated as “math”), is a discipline that studies the concepts of quantity, structure, change, space, and information. From some perspectiveA sort of.Mathematicians and philosophers have a series of views on the exact range and definition of mathematics.
In human historical development and social life, mathematics also play an irreplaceable role, and it is also an essential basic tool for learning and studying modern science and technology.
The disciplines involved in mathematics include: mathematics history, mathematical logic and mathematical foundation, mathematical theory, algebra, algebra, geometry, topology, mathematics analysis, non -standard analysis, functional theory, constant differential equations, partial microcular equations, power system, power system, power system, power system, power system, power system, power system, power system, power system, Points equation, general letter analysis, calculation of mathematics, probability theory, mathematical statistics, application statistics mathematics, application statistics of other disciplines, operations, combined mathematics, fuzzy mathematics, quantum mathematics, applied mathematics, mathematics and other disciplines and other disciplinesEssence
The above are brief descriptions of the three major scientific research areas and two “tool” discipline research fields.In specific scientific popularization and research, the disciplines of science have been refined and decomposed.As follows:
Discipline Category Directory
01 Philosophy:
Philosophy, Marxist philosophy, Chinese philosophy, foreign philosophy, logic, ethics, aesthetics, religion, science and technology philosophy.
02 economics
History of political economics, history of economic ideology, economic history, Western economics, world economics, population, resource and environmental economics, application economics, national economics, regional economics, finance (including: tax science), finance (Including: insurance), industrial economics, international trade, labor economics, statistics, quantitative economics, and national defense economy.
03 law
Law, Law Theory, Law History, Constitutional and Administrative Law, Criminal Law, Civil and Business Law (including: labor law, social security law), litigation law, economic law, environmental and resource protection law, international law, military law, politics, politics, politicsStudies, political science theory, Chinese and foreign political systems, scientific socialism and international communism movements, the history of the Communist Party of China, the theory of Marxist theory and ideological and political education, international political, international relations, diplomatic studies, sociology, population, anthropology, folk customs, folk customsLearning, ethnicology, Marxist nation theory and policy, Chinese ethnic minority economy, Chinese ethnic minority history, Chinese minority art.
04 Education
Principles of education, education, curriculum and teaching theory, education history, comparative education, preschool education, higher education science, adult education science, vocational and technical education, special education science, education technology, psychology, basic psychology, basic psychology, basic psychology, Development and educational psychology, application psychology, sports, sports human sociology, sports human science, physical education training, national traditional sports.
05 literature
Chinese Language and Literature, Literature, Linguistics, and Application Linguistics, Chinese Language and Classical Literature, Chinese Classical Literature, Ancient Chinese Literature, Chinese Contemporary Literature, Chinese Ethnic Minority Language and Literature (Language), comparative literature and world literature, foreign countries, foreign countries, foreign countriesLanguage and Literature, English Language and Literature, Russian Language Literature, French Language Literature, German Language Literature, Japanese Language Literature, Indian Language Literature, Spanish Language Literature, Arabic Language Literature, European Language and Literature, Asian and African LanguagesApplication linguistics, journalism, journalism, and communication.
06 History
History, historical theory and history of history, archeology and museums, historical geography, historical literature (including: Dunhuang, ancient literature), specialized history, ancient Chinese history, modern Chinese history, and world history.
07 science
基础数学、计算数学、 概率论与数理统计、应用数学、运筹学与控制论、物理学、理论物理、粒子物理与原子核物理、原子与分子物理、等离子体物理、凝聚态物理、声学、光学、Radio Physics, Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Analysis of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, Physical Chemistry (including: chemical physics), polymer chemistry and physics, astronomy, astrophysics, celestial measurement and astronomical mechanics, geography, natural geography, human geography, human geography, Map science and geographic information system, atmospheric science, meteorology, atmospheric physics and atmospheric environment, marine science, physics marine, marine chemistry, marine biology, marine geology, earth physics, solid earth physics, spatial physics, space physics、地质学、 矿物学、岩石学、矿床学、地球化学、古生物学与地层学(含：古人类学)、构造地质学、第四纪地质学、生物学、植物学、动物学、生理学、Aquatic biology, microbiology, neurobiology, genetic, developmental biology, cell biology, biochemistry and molecular biology, biophysics, system science, system theory, system analysis and integration, history of science and technology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, ecology, Statistics.
08 engineering
Mechanics, general mechanics and mechanics foundation, solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, engineering mechanics, mechanical engineering, mechanical manufacturing and automation, mechanical electronics engineering, mechanical design and theory, vehicle engineering, optical engineering, instrument science and technology, precision instruments and machinery, Test metering technology and instruments, materials science and engineering, material physics and chemistry, material science, material processing engineering, metallurgy engineering, metallurgical physics chemistry, steel metallurgy, non -ferrous metal metallurgy, power engineering and engineering thermal physics, engineering thermal physics, thermal energy, thermal energyEngineering, power machinery and engineering, fluid machinery and engineering, refrigeration and low temperature engineering, chemical process machinery, electrical engineering, motor and electrical, power system and its automation, high voltage and insulation technology, power electronics and electricity transmission, electrical theory and new and newTechnology, electronics and technology, physical electronics, circuit and systems, micro -electronics and solid electronics, electromagnetic fields and microwave technology, information and communication engineering, communication and information systems, signal and information processing, control science and engineering, control theory, control theoryControl engineering, detection technology and automation, system engineering, mode recognition and intelligent systems, navigation, guidance and control, computer science and technology, computer system structure, computer software and theory, computer application technology, architecture, architectural history and theory, Architectural design and theory, urban planning and design (including: landscape garden planning and design), construction technology science, civil engineering, geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, municipal engineering, heating (gas supply, ventilation and air conditioning) projects, projects, engineering, heating (gas supply, ventilation and air conditioning),Disaster prevention and mitigation projects and protection engineering, bridge and tunnel engineering, hydraulic engineering, hydrology and water resources, hydropower and river dynamics, hydraulic structure engineering, water conservancy and hydropower engineering, port and coast and offshore engineering, surveying and mapping science and technology, science and technology, and surveying and mapping science and technology,Earth measurement and measurement engineering, photography measurement and remote sensing, map -making and geographic information engineering, chemical engineering and technology, chemical engineering, chemical technology, biochemical, application chemistry, industrial catalysis, geological and geological engineering, mineral survey and exploration, Earth Programming and Information Technology, Geological Engineering, Mining Engineering, Mining Engineering, Mineral Processing Engineering, Safety Technology and Engineering, Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Oil and Gas Field Project, Oil and Gas Field Development Engineering, Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Engineering, Textile Science and Engineering, Textile Engineering Engineering, Textile Engineering Engineering, Textile Engineering Engineering, Textile Engineering Engineering, Textile materials and textile design, textile chemistry and dyeing engineering, clothing light industry technology and industrial slurry paper and papermaking project, sugar production engineering, fermentation engineering, leather chemistry and engineering, transportation engineering, road and railway engineering, transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information engineering and transportation information projectControl, transportation planning and management, carrier -loading tools, ships and marine engineering, ship and marine structure design and manufacturing, turbine engineering, water sound engineering, aviation astronomy science and technology, aircraft design, aviation theory and engineering, aviation theory, aviation, aviationAerospace Manufacturing Engineering, Renmi and Environmental Engineering, Weapon Science and Technology, Weapon Systems and Application Engineering, Weapon Launch Theory and Technology, Artillery Automatic Weapons and ammunition engineering, military chemistry and fireworks technology, nuclear science and technology, nuclear energy science and engineering, engineering, engineering, engineering, engineering, engineering, engineering, engineering, engineering, and engineering, engineering, engineering, and engineering, and engineering, engineering, engineering, and engineering, engineering, nuclear energy science and engineering,Nuclear fuel circulation and materials, nuclear technology and applications, radiation protection and environmental protection, agricultural engineering, agricultural mechanization engineering, agricultural soil and soil engineering, agricultural biological environment and energy engineering, agricultural electrification and automation, forestry engineering, forest engineering, wood science and technology, and technology, wood science and technology, and technology, wood science and technology, wood science and technology, wood science and technology, technology, wood science and technology, and technology, wood science and technology, and technology, wood science and technology, and technology, wood science and technology, and technology, wood science and technology,Forestry Chemical Processing Engineering, Environmental Science and Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Food Science and Engineering, Food Science, Food Oil and Botanical Projects, Agricultural Products and Storage Engineering, Aquatic Products and Storage Engineering.
09 Agriculture
Crafts, crop cultivation and farming, crop genetic breeding, gardening, fruit tree, vegetable science, tea science, agricultural resource utilization, soil, plant nutrition, plant protection, plant pathology, agricultural insects and pest control,Pesticide, animal husbandry, animal genetic breeding and breeding, animal nutrition and feed science, grass science, special economic animal breeding (including: silkworm, bee, etc.), veterinary medicine, basic veterinary medicine, prevention of veterinary medicine, clinical veterinary medicine, clinical veterinary medicine,Forestry, forest genetic breeding, forest cultivation, forest protection science, forest manager science, wild animal and plant protection and utilization, garden plants and ornamental gardening, soil and water conservation and desertification prevention, aquaculture, fishing, fishery resources.
10 medicine
基础医学、人体解剖与组织胚胎学、免疫学、病原生物学、病理学与病理生理学、法医学、放射医学、航空、航天与航海医学、临床医学、内科学、儿科学、老年医学、神经病学、Psychiatric and mental health, dermatology and sexually transmitted diseases, imaging medicine and nuclear medicine, clinical examination and diagnosis, nursing, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology, eye science, otolaryngology science, oncology, rehabilitation medicine and physiotherapy, exercise, exercise, exerciseMedicine, anesthesiology, emergency medicine, stomatology, dental basic medicine, dental clinical medicine, public health and prevention medicine, epidemic and hygiene statistics, labor and health and environmental sanitation, nutrition and food health, children and childrenHealth care, sanitation toxicology, military prevention medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine, clinical foundation of traditional Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine history literature, prescriptions, Chinese medicine diagnosis, Chinese medicine internal medicine, traditional Chinese medicine surgery, Chinese medicine bone injury science, Chinese medicine gynecological science, Chinese Medicine Pediatric Science, Chinese Medicine Five Official Science, Acupuncture and Massage, National Medicine, Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Basics, Chinese and Western Medicine Integrated Clinical, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmacy, Birth Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Microbiology and Biochemical Pharmaceuticals, Pharmacology, Chinese Medicine.
11 military science
Military thoughts and military history, military thought, military history, strategic science, military strategy, war mobilization, battle, joint battle, military campaign, tactics, contract tactics, military command, combat, combat, combat, combatCommand science, military operations, military communication, military intelligence science, cryptography, military education training, military system, military organization preparation, military management, military political work, military logistics and military equipment, military equipment, militaryLogistics, professional service, military equipment.
12 management