The performance of environmental problems:Resource shortage, environmental pollution, ecological destruction, global environmental changes
Sustainable development concept:Sustainable development is not only to meet the needs of contemporary people, but also does not constitute a harmful development of future generations to meet their own ability.
Basic ideas of sustainable development:
① Economic sustainable development;
② Ecological sustainable development;
③ Social sustainable development.
2. Environmental pollution and prevention
The concept of self -purity of geographical environment: Refers to the ability of the environment to have certain elimination and assimilation of foreign substances.
Causes of environmental pollution:Within a certain time and space, the self -purification ability of the environment is limited. The emissions of pollutants exceed their self -purification capacity, which will produce environmental pollution.Self -cleaning mechanism: physical purification, chemical purification, biological purification.
Water body rich nutrition:Water body is rich in nutritionalization, which is called “water”;
Formation conditions:Among the more closed bays, lakes and other water bodies, due to the poor fluidity of the water body, the self -net ability is weak.
Pollutant: Nitrogen and phosphorus such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
Source of pollution:Industrial wastewater, domestic sewage, agricultural wastewater.
harm: ① The death of aquatic plants and fish, ② water quality deteriorated, ③ lake becomes a swamp.
Lake swamps are a natural phenomenonThe process is slow.Human activity (rich water and body nutrition and lakes) accelerated this process.Marine oil pollution: mining, processing and transportation of offshore oil, leakage pollutants at sea tanks.
harm:Oil pollution can directly lead to waterproof and insulation performance of sea birds and sea beasts, or die a lot due to blocking breathing and sensory organs.Oil film and oil blocks can stick a large amount of fish eggs and juveniles, and hinder the photosynthesis of seaweed, while the benthic animals are also affected by the oil that is settled to the bottom of the sea.
How to remove oil?
① Diversion: Spray powerful detergents, should not be used on the shore or fishing ground;
② Settlement: sprinkle powder lime to endanger the underwater creatures;
③ Absorption: Use wheat stalks and other absorbing oil, quiet water environment;
④ Base: small area of oil pollution, static water environment;
⑤ Let’s let it go: let it decompose naturally;
⑥ Burning: The oil layer is 2mm, causing air pollution.
Harm of water pollution:
① Harm harm to human health;
② Reduce the output and quality of crops;
③ Affect the output and quality of fishery production;
④ Restim on the development of industry;
⑤ Accelerate the degradation and destruction of the ecological environment;
⑥ Cause economic loss
Prevention and control measures for water pollution:
① Optimize the industrial structure, actively promote clean production, and improve the duplicate utilization rate of industrial water.
② Strengthen the prevention and control of domestic sewage and the protection of surface water and groundwater sources.
③ Develop water -saving agriculture, rationally use chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and reduce water pollution for agricultural water.
④ Improve laws and regulations, increase law enforcement, and improve the water environment monitoring network.
Environmental problems caused by contemporary garbage:
①The atmosphere
② pollution water body
③ pollution soil
④ Occupy arable land
⑤ Affect environmental hygiene
⑥ Harm health.
Factors affecting the diffusion of air pollution and self -purification:
① The volume of pollutants: If the amount of emissions is small, it is easy to spread.
② Meteorological conditions: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, cloud condition, radiation and other meteorological conditions that are beneficial to increase wind speed and enhance turbulence, are conducive to the spread of pollutants;The diffusion of air pollutants.
③ Terrain: Basin and river valleys are not conducive to the spread of pollutants.
Inhale particles——Di diameter is less than 10 microns:
The benefits of inhalation of particulate matter: Stimulate and exercise the immune function of people.
The disadvantages of inhalation of particulate matter:
① If the particulate matter contains toxic and harmful ingredients, immune dysfunction occurs, which will endanger health.
② If the particulate matter contains more germs and viruses, it may cause infectious diseases.
③ Long -term excessive particulate matter, accumulated in the lungs, may cause people to suffer from “pneumoconiosis”.
④ Some particulate matter in the lungs may also cause malignant lesions.
Why are the air pollutants in the northern cities mainly inhale particulate matter?
① There is less precipitation in the north, dry weather, and how big the wind is, and some areas are desertified seriously, which leads to more dust reduction;
② Coal -fired;
③ The tail of the motor vehicle;
④ Construction site dust.
How to treat contamination that can be inhaled?
① Use clean energy to replace coal;
② Develop automotive exhaust emission standards to meet the standard emissions;
③ Expand the area of greening and control the dust of the construction site;
④ Increase the governance of polluting enterprises, reduce pollutant emissions, and meet the emissions.
Sour rain--PH value is less than 5.6 precipitation, and the pH value is less than 4.5 is severe acid rain; air pollutants that form acid rain mainly include sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides;
Source of pollution:Industrial and mining enterprises, transportation tools, family stove burning coal, petroleum, and natural gas, the non -ferrous metallurgical industry emit acid gas in the atmosphere.
harm:
①Axidize the rivers and lakes and endanger hydrophilic creatures.
② acidify the soil, endanger the soil ecology, and reduce the production of crops.
③ Correct the leaves and destroy the forest.
④ Correct stone, steel, causing buildings, rails, bridges and cultural relics to damage.
The reason why the south is more serious than the northern sour rain:
① The southern non -ferrous metallurgical industry is developed and emits a large amount of acidic gas.
② The southern soil is acidic and the dust in the atmosphere is acidic.
③ Burning high sulfur -containing coal in southern cities.
④ The southern terrain is dominated by low mountain hills, with small wind speed, and the acidic gas is not easy to spread.
⑤ There are many rainy weather in the south
How to prevent acid rain in my country:
① Establish a acid rain control zone and SO2 pollution control area.
② Limit the mining of high sulfur coal.
③ Develop clean coal combustion technology and coal desulfurization technology.
④ Adjust the energy structure and develop and use new energy and clean energy.
⑤ Strengthen the recycling and utilization of SO2 in the exhaust gas.
Causes of global climate warming:
① Nature: Global temperature is in a rise in volatility.
② Artificial: Human activity (the burning of mineral fuel, the destruction of the forest, especially the destruction of the tropical rain forest), resulting in the increase in greenhouse gas such as CO2 in the atmosphere, which increases the temperature
Atmospheric pollution prevention measures:
① Improve energy efficiency and energy saving.
② Develop clean coal technology.
③ Develop clean energy and renewable energy.
④ Control acid rain and sulfur dioxide pollution.
⑤ Adjust the industrial structure and rational production layout;
⑥ Planting tree afforestation and controlling ground dust.
Third, the use and protection of natural resources
China freshwater supply and demand
Reasons for shortage:
Natural reasons: ① The total amount is rich, but the per capita is insufficient;
Human reasons: ① Population growth, economic development, and the demand for production of living and living water greatly increased; ② the pollution and waste of water resources are serious.
Law of time and space distribution of freshwater resources in my country:Time: There are many summer and autumn, less winter and spring, and changes in the age;
Different regions in my country:
Southern region: (take Shanghai as an example) The total water resources are abundant, and multi -water band -water quality dehydration cause: serious water pollution.
North China: (the Yellow River, Huaihe, Haihe River) The total amount is not abundant, the transition zone, the most serious water dehydration -the reason for the lack of water and water,
Natural causes:
① The amount of precipitation is small, and the seasons and age are large;
② The rivers flowing through the region is small, and the seasons and ages are large.
Man-made causes:
③ The population is dense, the industrial and agricultural are developed, and the water consumption is large;
④ Water resources are polluting and serious waste.
The consequences of the superposition of groundwater:The ground sinks, seawater invasion in coastal areas, and the reasonable use and protection of worsening water quality of groundwater water
Freshwater scarce solution countermeasures:
Open source:
① Build a reservoir
② Open the canal to divert water
③ Reasonably develop and extract groundwater
④ Reuse of wastewater treatment
⑤ Dilvert in sea water
⑥ Artificial rainfall.
Slotting:
Agriculture: ① Improve irrigation technology, reduce irrigation quotas, and develop water -saving agriculture.
Industry: ③ Improve water efficiency, improve the repetitive utilization rate of water, and implement sewage resources ⑥ development clean production.⑦ Increase water prices, enhance citizens’ awareness of water saving, formulate water methods, and adjust the industrial structure.
Control of land degradation:
Definition of land degradation:The quality of land resources is reduced, and the self -agricultural land is usually manifested as the decline in crop output or the quality of agricultural products decreases.
Causes of land degradation:
Natural reasons: abnormal climate; global warming.
Human reasons: excessive reclamation; excessive grazing; overdoing; disorderly cutting and disorderly lipping; unreasonable water resources; water destruction of industrial and mining towns; soil pollution; soil pollution
The expression of land degradation-—Barium degeneration, desertification of land, salt and soil, and soil quality decline
Soil erosion is a wide distribution, Harmly severe land degradation.
Land degradation phenomenon in different regions in my country:
In the northwest, land is deserted and grass is degraded.
In the northern region, unreasonable irrigation was salted and soil erosion.
In the southern region, soil erosion and the quality of land caused by pollution are mainly decreased.
In the Qinghai -Tibet area, it is cold.
The three major ecological problems in my country:Shi desertification, soil loss, desertification.
Shi desertification.
Place of occurrence: my country’s Yunnan -Guizhou Plateau, the two Guangxi hilly regions (subtropical humidity, Karster region).
External force: flowing water erosion;
reason:
Nature: ① The slope is steep, ② is shallow, ③ rich precipitation, and high precipitation intensity in summer;
Artificial: ① Excessive cutting, ② Forest wasteland, ③ steep sloping wasteland.
Soil and soil loss (example as an example):
External force: flowing water erosion,
reason:
Nature: ① Loose soil is loose; ② concentrated precipitation and heavy rain; ③ low vegetation coverage.
Artificial: ① Destruction of vegetation, changes in the method of agriculture and animal husbandry, creating palaces, villains, war; ② Unreasonable farming
System: Wheel shortage, not paying attention to environmental protection in the opening of the mining, and the contradiction between people and earth is prominent.
Jiangnan hills:Red desert.
Function: Flow erosion.
reason:
Nature: ① There are many precipitation, concentrated in summer, so heavy rain.② The surface of the surface is large, and the soil and soil of the slope is unstable.③ The river water system is developed and has strong erosion ability.
Human: ① Destroy forest wasteland, ② Disdoing and cutting, over -collection,
desertification:For example, the Northwest region is an example:
External force: wind erosion effect
reason:
Nature: ① There are dry climate, less precipitation, ② the surface covers deep sandy sediments, ③ large wind number days and concentration, ④ vulnerable ecological environment.
Artificial: ① Excessive harvesting, ② excessive grazing, ③ excessive farm reclamation, improper use of water resources, ⑤ do not pay attention to environmental protection in the construction of industrial and mining transportation, ⑥ contradictory of people and land.
Prevention measures for soil erosion:
① Biological measures: Returning farmland to forests and grass, trees and grass, creating economic forests
② Engineering measures: Construct a reservoir, repair terraces, and silt dams
③ Agricultural and animal husbandry measures: waiting for high farming, use of organic fertilizer, timely cultivation, and raising livestock
Reasonable development and utilization of fossil fuel
Distribution of fossil fuel:
The distribution of coal China:It is mainly distributed in North China. Among them, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Inner Mongolia have the most reserves. Except for Guizhou in the south, they are seriously deficient in coal.
The distribution of oil and natural gasEssence
Major oilfield distribution area: From the Mediterranean region to the Middle East to Indonesia, the Middle East, North Africa is the most rich.The Middle East is the world’s largest oil export area,
Eastern China: Daqing, Liaohe, Dagang, Central Plains, Shengli and other oil fields and coastal continental shelves.
West: Tarim, Chaidama, and Junggar.
Solar energy:The most important kind of renewable energy.
The advantages of solar energy:① Great energy, ② cleaning without pollution, ③ renewable, inexhaustible.
shortcoming:① Scattered energy, low density, and difficulty in utilization.② Affected by the weather, it can only be used in sunny.
Factors affecting solar distribution:
① Latitude: Low latitude, strong solar radiation; high latitude, weak solar radiation.
② Weather: There are more sunny days, and there are many solar radiation; more cloudy days, less.
③ The terrain: high terrain, thin atmosphere; low terrain, thick atmosphere.
④ Atmospheric transparency: good transparency, strong solar radiation; poor transparency, weak.
Reasons for the rich solar energy of the Qinghai -Tibet Plateau:
① The terrain is high, the atmosphere is thin, the atmosphere is clean, the transparency is good, and the weakening effect on solar radiation is small.
② There are more sunny days, and the sunshine is long.
③ Low latitude and strong solar radiation.
The reason for the lack of solar energy in the Sichuan Basin:
There are more rain, many fog, and less sunny.
Reasons for the rich solar energy of Taiwan and Hainan Island:
It is located on the back of the summer wind.
Advantages of wind energy:① Renewable, ② Clean and pollution -free, ③ wind power, low cost.
shortcoming:① Low energy density, ② Due to seasonal restrictions, unstable wind speed, ③ storage and transportation difficulties.
my country’s wind energy distribution rules:
Space: North> South; rapidly weakening from the seaside to the inland, and the inland is enhanced.
Time: Winter spring ＞ Summer and autumn.
Wind power power station site selection:The average annual wind speed is high, and the wind is stable.
Water energy:The most widely used renewable energy
Advantages of hydropower:① Renewable, ② Cleaning, no pollution, low cost of power generation, ④ After the completion of the hydropower station, there are multiple benefits.
shortcoming:① The construction cycle is long, ② relocated residents, ③ the power generation is affected by the changes in the season of the water volume, ④ may have adverse effects on the environment of the warehouse and the surrounding area.
The top five countries: water energy resources:China, Russia, Brazil, the United States, Canada.
The largest proportion of hydropower: Norway, Brazil.
my country’s water can be distributed(Influential factors: river runoff, river gap).It is mainly distributed in the southwest: large water volume; large gap.
Tidal energy:① Distribution: narrow bay, shallow sea, rivers enter the sea ② advantages and disadvantages: clean, pollution -free, hindering the entry and exit of ships and fish.
Bioenergy:① Traditional use of biological energy: firewood, on the one hand, cause environmental pollution, on the other hand, causing waste of resources.② New use method: biogas (the main ingredient is methane), which is new energy, restrictions on the temperature and deduction temperature, the duration of the south for a long time, and the short period of time in the north.
Biogas is the reason why the rural areas are ideal:
① Rich raw materials, can be decentralized and used on the spot.
② To solve the problem of insufficient daily life capacity.
③ Relieve the contradiction between fuel and feed and fertilizer.
④ Realize straw back to the field, improve soil fertility, and promote agricultural production.
⑤ Promote the mountains and forests and improve the agricultural ecological environment.
How to solve the problem of insufficient rural energy in my countryThe
① Create a charcoal forest.
② Develop biogas.
③ Develop small hydropower.
④ Advanced local conditions, develop and use solar, wind, and geothermal energy.
⑤ Promote the provincial firewood stove.
Advantages of geothermal energy:① The cost is low, ② renewable;
shortcoming:① The development technology is more difficult, the cost is high, ② there are not many places available for development, ③ the update speed is slow, and ④ contains toxic substances, pay attention to environmental protection.
distributed: The geothermal energy at the junction of the sector is rich.
Fourth, ecological environmental protection
The ecological value of the forest:
① Adjust the climate.
② Conservation of water, keeping the water and soil, wind and sand.
③ Absorb noise, smoke and dust, release oxygen, and purify the air.
④ Breeding species and maintaining biological diversity.
⑤ Protecting farmland.
⑥ Beautify the environment.
The economic value of the forest:
① Make furniture.
② Important raw materials for the papermaking industry.
③ There are a variety of medicinal materials in the forest.
④ Important architectural materials and so on.
The consequences of forest destruction:
Ecological disorders, deterioration of the environment, frequent floods, increased soil loss, land sandization, global temperature rising, and decreased species diversity.
The reason for the destruction of Lin:
① Excessive burning and reclamation.
② Large -scale farm and pasture development.
③ Commercial logging.
④ Construction of mining, water conservancy, highway, urban construction.
⑤ Destroyed wasteland in the agricultural era, abolishment of cutting.
⑥ War, forest fire.
What are the measures for my country’s forest protection:
① Strengthen the rule of law, and it is strictly forbidden to cut off.
② Fengshan has educated forests, returned farmland to forests, and built a natural reserve.
③ Plan to harvest, combine breeding.
④ Planting trees and forestry, actively create artificial forests.
⑤ Encourage protective development and change the economic structure of the mountains.
⑥ Improve people’s environmental awareness.
Distribution of natural grassland:
Precipitation is not abundant.
Economic Value: